]> A translated ontology from OCML to OWL The top class for the philosurfical ontology - gathers together the CRM specifications and the primitive values used by them ad the other integrated ontologies. We have not defined any slot at this level, since it serves mostly for organizational needs E59 -CIDOC - This class comprises primitive values used as documentation elements, which are not further elaborated upon within the model. As such they are not considered as elements within our universe of discourse. No specific implementation recommendations are made. Philosurfical: Included as is. Here we can add primitives from the basic ocml ontology, or from the akt one. We'll see.. in order to 1) make the philosurfical ontology completely self-contained, and 2) rely on primitives which match the W3c SW basic datatypes standard (see) E62 - CIDOC This class comprises the instances of E59 Primitive Values used for documentation such as free text strings, bitmaps, vector graphics, etc. ++Philosurfical: the class was not present in cipher. It is for sure included in ocml base ontology, hope it doesnt cause problems right now. Possibly we will have to set the include-base-ontology slot to false, when loading ocml, and including all that's needed manually. The type checking thing, is from akt. E60 -CIDOC - This class comprises any encoding of computable (algebraic) values such as integers, real numbers, complex numbers, vectors, tensors etc., including intervals of these values to express limited precision. ++Philosurfical: it seems that the number spec works as it is, getting the right subclasses form the OCML base ontology. We might want to check this better in the future, and possibly integrate directly a number-types ontology. ++Philosurfical: Inserted in PhiloSURFical for consistency issues with the AKT classes A year-in-time must be an integer and integer can be a year-in-time E61 - CIDOC - This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for time that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and interval logic to express date ranges relevant to cultural documentation. ++Philosurfical: we have integrated a time ontology based on the akt one + Allen's specifications. To be further investigated. A measure of time, e.g., 5 hours A second-in-time is a real number greater or equal to 0, less than 60 A minute-in-time is an integer in the interval 0-59 A hour-in-time is an integer in the interval 0-23 A day-in-time is an integer in the interval 1-31 A month-in-time is an integer in the interval 1-12 A year-in-time must be an integer and integer can be a year-in-time E1 - CIDOC - This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: 1. Identification by name or appellation 2. Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to 3. Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal propertieS ++Philosurfical: We have renamed this class, which was originally the crm-entity. we have commented the belongs-to relation. Appellation is again the value of identified slot, cause we want to support multi-lingual reference, for sure, plus the fact that conceptual object are ofter referenced to with different names. E52 - CIDOC Renamed as time specification, as a span may be expressed as a time point on some level of granularity ++Philosurfical: This will be replaced with the more expressive CIPHER time ontology based on Allen. An interval is a period of time elapsed between the start of an event and end of an event.The start of an event is precedes the end of an event. (Ref. J.F.Allen (1983), Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals). A calendar date is a time point in which month, day and year have been specified E2-CIDOC - This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing. ++Philosurfical: The slot has-time-span is of type time-specification rather than span as it may be a time point. This is consistent with the CIPHER time ontology. E4-CIDOC - This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatio-temporal bounds. [...] Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the 'Neolithic Period', the 'Ming Dynasty' or the 'McCarthy Era'. There are however no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. [...] Artistic style may be modeled as E4 Period. ++Philosurfical: the subclasses intellectual movement and philosophical movement has been added as types of period. E5-CIDOC - This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses. The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an 'instantaneous' change of state. ++Philosurfical: no slots added, even if we thinked about the causally-connected-to one... E64-CIDOC - This class comprises events that end the existence of any E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. In cases where substance from a Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented by E81 Transformation. E81-CIDOC - This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one E77Persistent Item and the creation of another E77 Persistent Item that preserves recognizable substance from the first but has a fundamentally different nature and identity. [...] Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. ++Philosurfical : need some consideration here - cause it's a quite important class E68-CIDOC - This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an E74 Group of people. If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an E7 Activity. E6-CIDOC - This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation. E69-CIDOC - This class comprises the deaths of human beings. If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented using E64 End of Existence. E63-CIDOC - This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. ++Philosurfical: This class replaces the original CIDOC-E65 - creation ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: E12-CIDOC - This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. [...] This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. ++Philosurfical: This specialises beginning of existence to physical objects.This is a subclass of beginning-of-existence, and also of the class modification. From modification it also inherits the properties of activity. ++Philosurfical: this class is inspired from the AKT reference ontology. The slots have been slightly modified -from event-product to has-published. The information-carrier is the physical object produced, while manifestation is the abstract reification of the publication product E81-CIDOC - This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one E77Persistent Item and the creation of another E77 Persistent Item that preserves recognizable substance from the first but has a fundamentally different nature and identity. [...] Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. ++Philosurfical : need some consideration here - cause it's a quite important class E67-CIDOC - This class comprises the birth of a human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life.(E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living beings). ++Philosurfical: it many be the case, as noted by cipher, that some slots are not needed. For example, brought into life seems correct, but from another point of view it seems it could be easily replaced by the brought into existence of the beginning of existence class. For indicating the place, we have the slot took-place-at, inherited from period E66-CIDOC : This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation. E7-CIDOC -This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door. ++Philosurfical: There are 2 binary relations here, which have been translated in ocml only as slots. See the original documentation for reference. Had-a-general-purpose has been omitted. Does not appear to add anything useful.Same for used-object-of type. ++Philosurfical: Any theoretical activity which creates or modifies directly only abstract entities. This class hierarchy is only indicative, more work is needed here. ++Philosurfical: The act of making claims about intellectual contents. At this level the only slots are 'what is interpreted', and the generic relation 'is-about' which can link the interpretation to pretty much anything e.g. the book is-about Napoleon. The characteristic feature of an idea interpretation is that we can claim its author to be somebody's different, from the one specified initially with the instance ++PhiloSURFical : interpretations of rhet. figures - for now we can just say what it supposedly relates to ++PhiloSURFical : interpretations of methods - very basic for now ++PhiloSURFical : interpretations of arguments - we do not support interpretations of argument parts for now, but it's possible to implement that too ++PhiloSURFical : interpretations of problem areas, of their hierarchical relationships ++PhiloSURFical : interpretations of problems.. ++PhiloSURFical : just one property for now ++PhiloSURFical : interpretations of views: we are replicating some slots of the view class, as an initial mechanism for providing support for inconsistent and contrasting annotations. We'll look into the issue more while enlarging the KB ++PhiloSURFical : - all the properties are in common with the referring class ++PhiloSURFical : - all the properties are in common with the referring class ++PhiloSURFical : theory interpretations - all the properties are in common with the theory class ++PhiloSURFical : thesis interpretations - all the properties are in common with the thesis class Interpretations of concepts ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: interpretations about expressions, and among them, linguistic representations. An add onof these interpretations is the fact that we can give entities a pedagogical value. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: mmm not sure about this ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: This class replaces the original CIDOC-E65 - creation ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: Class comprising all the events where the social component, i.e. th presence of various persons, is essential to their existence ++Philosurfical: Generic activity of discussion - by facilitator we mean the person (or more than one) who starts the discussion or leads it ++Philosurfical: More formal discussion, where view and arguments are well delineated and contrast each other. We do not look into the complex dynamics involved in an argumentation, but just try to give a screenshot of the event ++Philosurfical: Class that refers events about a person formally and intentionally taking part in a group ++Philosurfical: This class inherits also from the generic learning class ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: This class inherits also from the generic teaching class ++Philosurfical: Any activity which has an educational context ++Philosurfical: Generic learning not all teaching takes place in schools... ++Philosurfical: This class inherits also from the generic learning class ++Philosurfical: Generic teaching: not all teaching takes place in schools... ++Philosurfical: This class inherits also from the generic teaching class ++Philosurfical: Class that refers to encounters or other contacts between two persons only ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: AKT : ++Philosurfical: A meeting type of event. Note that both attendee and organizer have multiple cardinality ++Philosurfical: AKT : AKT : AKT : E13-CIDOC - This class comprises the actions of making assertions about properties of an object or any relation between two items or concepts. This class allows the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. All the attributes or properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly attached to the respective item or concept, possibly as a collection of contradictory values. ++Philosurfical: we dont use it for now, quite specific to museum related reosurces and activities E16-CIDOC - This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic procedure. ++Philosurfical : not very useful E17-CIDOC - This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts. ++Philosurfical : not very useful - although of possible usage, if the system is used to classify a library of philosophy, for example. E15-CIDOC - This class comprises actions assigning or deassigning object identifiers. Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers and Inventory Numbers. ++Philosurfical : not very useful E14-CIDOC - This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period. ++Philosurfical: not very useful E8-CIDOC - This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor. ++Philosurfical|: not very useful for us. E10-CIDOC - This class comprises transfers of physical custody of objects between instances of E39 Actor. The distinction between the legal responsibility for custody and the actual physical possession of the object should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). A specific case of transfer of custody is theft. ++Philosurfical: doesnt seem very useful, for now. E9-CIDOC - This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object. Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place.This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. ++Philosurfical: we considered adding a subclass Journey, to refer to person's trips. Not done it yet. ++Philosurfical: Added this class to refer to voluntary movement of humans. The slot carried-out-by, from activity, is renamed to has-traveller E11-CIDOC - This class comprises all instances of E7 Activity that create, alter or change E24 Physical Man- Made Thing. This class includes the production of an item from raw materials, and other so far undocumented objects, and the preventive treatment or restoration of an object for conservation. Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. ++Philosurfical: Use-general-technique and used-specific-technique have been combined into one slot used-technique of type design-or-procedure. However, we will have to consider this more, since we dont have a design class yet, if not related to the philosophical methods!! here we are talking about modifications to physical objects, so we must be careful not to include ph. methods that modify behaviours or attitudes E12-CIDOC - This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. [...] This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. ++Philosurfical: This specialises beginning of existence to physical objects.This is a subclass of beginning-of-existence, and also of the class modification. From modification it also inherits the properties of activity. ++Philosurfical: this class is inspired from the AKT reference ontology. The slots have been slightly modified -from event-product to has-published. The information-carrier is the physical object produced, while manifestation is the abstract reification of the publication product E80-CIDOC - This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part. E79-CIDOC - This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing being increased, enlarged or augmented by the addition of a part. ++Philosurfical : used-specific-object comes from activity! E66-CIDOC : This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation. ++Philosurfical : E.g. enlightememnt, or dadaism.. we will eventually differentiate other types of movement - artistic, etc.. ++Philosurfical : E.g. stoicism, or platonism, or even atomism? or is this just a doctrine??? question here E3-CIDOC - This class comprises the state of objects characterized by a certain condition over a time span. ++Philosurfical :It seems that there is a missing slot here. A slot has-state could be used to record the state e.g. in-ruins. It is suggested that such information can be recorded in the has-type slot, however according to the scope note for E1 has-type reflects the class hierarchy. Their solution would also treat the state and the time differently without justification from a modelling perspective. For now, this new slot has been added called has-state which for now has been defined as type string. Later a new class state could be added. As in E53, consists-of is written has-part and falls-within is written as is-a-part-of E77-CIDOC - This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as 'endurants' in philosophy. They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names. The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. ++Philosurfical: we went back to the original name in cidoc - the cipher-crm project (which is where we have initially taken the ontology specifications from) called them existence E41-CIDOC - This class comprises all proper names, words, phrases or codes, either meaningful or not, that are used or can be used to identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context. Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify objects by their meaning but by convention, tradition or agreement. From an implementation point of view, the class E41 Appellation is unlike most others, whose instances in a database can be considered as surrogates or references to real-world entities, in that each instance is nothing other than the E41 Appellation itself, i.e. the instance of E41 Appellation 'Martin' is nothing other than the name 'Martin' which should not be confused with any instance of E21 Person or persons called Martin. CIDOC - This class comprises any sort of name, number, code or symbol characteristically used to identify an E39 Actor. E75-CIDOC - This class comprises all specific identifiers of intellectual products or standardized patterns, e.g. an ISBN number ++PhiloSURFical - Class to refer to the names of concepts: typical of area is an interesting property, likely to be used in information extraction CIDOC - This class comprises all forms of names or codes, such as historical periods, and dates, which are characteristically used to refer to a specific E52 Time-Specification. The instances of E49 Time Appellation may vary in their degree of precision, and they may be relative to other time frames, 'Before Christ' for example. Instances of E52 Time-Specification. are often defined by reference to a cultural period or an event e.g. 'the duration of the Ming Dynasty'. E50-CIDOC - This class comprises specific forms of E49 Time Appellation. ++Philosurfical: for the moment we don't see how this makes things easier... E44-CIDOC - This class comprises any sort of identifier characteristically used to refer to an E53 Place. Instances of E44 Place Appellation may vary in their degree of precision and their meaning may vary over time - the same instance of E44 Place Appellation may be used to refer to several places, either because of cultural shifts, or because objects used as reference points have moved around. ++Philosurfical: the slot (identifies :type Place), which is not present in cidoc, has been removed for now E45-CIDOC - This class comprises identifiers expressed in coding systems for places, such as postal addresses used for mailing. An E45 Address can be considered both as the name of an E53 Place and as an E51 Contact Point for an E39 Actor. ++Philosurfical: Address should provide some structure. For now this has been achieved through the slots has-street-number, has-street-name, has-town-or-city-name, has-country E47-CIDOC - This class comprises the textual or numeric information required to locate specific instances of E53 Place within schemes of spatial identification. Coordinates are a specific form of E44 Place Appellation, that is, a means of referring to a particular E53 Place. Coordinates are not restricted to longitude, latitude and altitude. Any regular system of reference that maps onto an E19 Physical Object can be used to generate coordinates. ++Philosurfical: we added some definition of coordinates, pointing to numbers. Boundary boxes define the space occupied by countries, as in Geonames.org. From there we can also retreive other information, such as the capital names! E46-CIDOC - This class comprises areas of objects referred to in terms specific to the general geometry or structure of its kind.The 'prow' of the boat, the 'frame' of the picture, the 'front' of the building are all instances of E46 Section Definition. E48-CIDOC - This class comprises particular and common forms of E44 Place Appellation. Place Names may change their application over time: the name of an E53 Place may change, and a name may be reused for a different E53 Place E42-CIDOC - This class comprises codes assigned to objects in order to identify them uniquely within the context of one or more organisations.Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. ++Philosurfical ++Philosurfical : Unique Resource Identifier: a particular type of string ++PhiloSURFical - A URL is a particular type of URI E35-CIDOC - left as it was.... ++PhiloSURFical : it may change in the future - see the note on text-structural-roles. E51-CIDOC - This class comprises identifiers used to communicate with instances of E39 Actor. These include E-mail addresses, telephone numbers, post office boxes, Fax numbers, etc. Most postal addresses can be considered both as instances of E44 Place Appellation and E51 Contact Point. ++Philosurfical: I guess this is left partially open, so to let users adapt it to their needs... E45-CIDOC - This class comprises identifiers expressed in coding systems for places, such as postal addresses used for mailing. An E45 Address can be considered both as the name of an E53 Place and as an E51 Contact Point for an E39 Actor. ++Philosurfical: Address should provide some structure. For now this has been achieved through the slots has-street-number, has-street-name, has-town-or-city-name, has-country E39-CIDOC - This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions for which they can be held responsible. ++Philosurfical: has former-or-current-residence has been shortened to has-residence.. the first 4 slots only are originally from CIDOC E74-CIDOC - This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of two or more people that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. ++Philosurfical : Has current or former member has been changed to present tense. Since we can have groups of people and organization, we introduces also the subclass group-of-people. (for groups of objects there is already the class collection E40-CIDOC - This class comprises institutions or groups of people that have obtained a legal recognition as a group and can act collectively as agents. ++Philosurfical: we have added a set of organizations, partly taken from AKT. See below. AKT - An organization may have a number of units. Units may themselves have sub-units. ++Philosurfical: we have taken out all the address related slots, cause actors already have the has-contact slot. Same as above, for has-size and has-affiliated-person AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - An organization is a type of legal agent. ++Philosurfical: the original slot has-affiliated-person has been overridden by has-member:agent; the has-size slot not needed in this context. ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - AKT - ++Philosurfical: quite a useful class AKT - ++Philosurfical: quite a useful class AKT - AKT - AKT - ++Philosurfical: the has-vice-chancellor slot could be taken away, cause it's clearly time-related, and we don't need it here in a static way. We could add an event some time in the future..... and actually this applies to all the headed-by properties!!!! AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - A partnership is not necessarily a company, e.g. a consultancy firm is not a company AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - AKT - An organization which has a political connotation ++PhiloSURFical: I added this class to refer explicitly to groups composed only by people ++PhiloSURFical: Group of people united by a shared set of beliefs - it is a social object also because we identify it tx to the belief shared ++PhiloSURFical: ++PhiloSURFical: ++PhiloSURFical: E.g. the stoics or the circle of vienna, intended as the people composing them ++PhiloSURFical: If we have a group class, I don't see why not putting also this one E21-CIDOC - This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. ++Philosurfical : The class has no slots in CIDOC. We added the gender slot, which has no associated event; the has-social-role slot, cause it's not something we want to record as an event (even if it would be possible), but just a property useful for classifying thinkers; the dates/places of birth/death are shortcuts, cause often we do not want to model the birth/death events for everybody, but still want some basic info about it. In the case of philosophers, in fact, this is not needed cause people do not usually dispute these information, but more their intellectual subscriptions. ****TO DO ****However, sometimes we are interested in modeling such events, so we need to construct an axiom which establishes the priority of one or the other information, or the inference of the existence of an event, from the value of the person slots. E70-CIDOC - This general class comprises usable discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units. They can be either intellectual products or physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance either have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concept or structure. ++Philosurfical: The Cidoc version we had presented a has-dimension slot at this level, which did not make much sense to us (how to apply it to abstract concepts?) thus we moved it under physical-thing.. E71-CIDOC - This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. ++Philosurfical: Should there not be a slot was-made-by? This has been added, of type actor, in cipher... we added it as well. Title is an alias for is-identified-by, however title seems too high up. Does a man-made scratch have a title? We removed the title class, and E28-CIDOC - This class comprises non-material products of our minds, in order to allow for reasoning about their identity, circumstances of creation and historical implications. ++Philosurfical: Refers-to-concept of type type has been removed. Instead an additional slot is required called refers-to-crm-meta-entity to allow concepts such as classes to be referred to. Refers-to has been written as refers-to-crm-entity. This is used to refer to anything in the CRM knowledge base. The subclass -language- has been taken away, and put under form-of-expression. ++Philosurfical: inspired from primarily DOLCE ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: FRBR: The physical embodiment of an expression of a work. ++Philosurfical: Since a manifestation can also be the single item (manuscript) produced by an author, a publication is something different from a manifestation.In such an extreme case, the instance of manifestation represents the one-element set comprising the only existing copy of the expression - and the instance of the item class stands for the physical object itself. The has-title slot is inherited, and the was-made-by too AKT : A publication is something which has one or more publication references. A publication can be both an article in a journal or a journal itself. The distinction between publication and publication-reference makes it possible to distinguish between multiple occurrences of the same publication, for instance in different media. ++Philosurfical: this reflects out model, since a reference is an expression, while the publication is a manifestation. The has-abstract and has-date slots have been removed. AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : This used to be called periodical publication. However, many periodicals do not appear at fixed intervals, which is why librarians refer to them as serials. So, we now use the concept of serial publication and the has-periodicity slot has been removed. ++Philosurfical: we removed the has-impact-factor slot. AKT : Merrian-Webster says: a small publication (such as a leaflet or newspaper) containing news of interest chiefly to a special group AKT : AKT : AKT : A periodical-publication is published regularly, such as once every week. Strictly speaking, the noun 'periodical' is used by librarians to refer to things published at intervals of greater than a day. We use the phase periodical-publication to include newspapers and other daily publications, since they share many bibliographic features. The periodicity indicates how often the publication comes out. Note that this is a duration, rather than a time interval. A time interval indicates a specific time interval on the time continuum, so we need to model periodicity as a time quantity AKT : AKT : AKT : A publication which contains items which can be themselves referenced through a publication reference. Composite publications include newspapers, magazines and journals. A book which is a collection of articles is a composite publication, a monograph is not AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : Merrian-Webster says: a small publication (such as a leaflet or newspaper) containing news of interest chiefly to a special group AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : A publication produced in electronic form ++Philosurfical: it is analogous to the class information-object in CIDOC and DOLCE. The abstraction of objects carrying information, sepatated from theit physical embodiment. Every IO must have a form and a content. We added the slot has-original-date to refer to the date when we suppose the IO was 'originally' created; actually, since an IO is abstract, it would make much more sense to specify the date of the correspondent instance of manifestation, instead. FRBR : The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms. ++Philosurfical: We mantained the name 'expression' for this class, even if it doesnt carry more meaning than its superclass information-object. Essentially, this class exists just for facilitating the mappings to FRBR. FRBR-CIDOC : an expression that conveys only partially the content of the proposition it represents ++Philosurfical: the has-string-content property is not ontologically sound... but quite a useful shortcut when instantiating hundreds of sentences of a text! ++Philosurfical: atomic linguistic element ++Philosurfical: an obvious expression fragment we decided to make explicit.. FRBR-CIDOC : an expression that conveys the whole idea of the proposition it represents ++Philosurfical: A syntactically well-formed formula, e.g. in any knowledge representation language. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: Class that comprises all abstract, man-made contents of information objects and representations in general. We are mainly dealing with philosophical ideas, however we reproduced a simple hierarchy of propositions, inspired by Mizoguchi. As he says in -Tutorial on ontological engineering - Part 3, 2004-, --- the content of the symbolic representations are recognized as proposition which has two kinds of proposition as its subclasses: Design proposition and Product proposition. The former works as specification of the production of something. The latter itself is the product. For example, a piece of music composed is a specification of the music sound produced by the music player. Procedure is specification of the valid sequence of actions. An execution of the procedure generates a result(product). Novel cannot be specification of anything because it is already a product.---- This division of propositional contens needs further investigation - it is not entirely used by the philosurfical application, as the philosophical-idea entities are our main focus, for now ++Philosurfical: taken from Mizoguchi classification, it refers to all propositions which are concluded in themselves, e.g. a novel, a problem, or a theory. They are not supposed to be used as the specification of something else ++PhiloSURFical : a philosophical idea is a propositional content with a specific importance within the philosophical world. Philosophical ideas are usually product propositions, as they are important in themselves, for argumentation or theoretical purposes, and not for specifying an action. The class methods is kind of borderline - future refinements should address this! ++PhiloSURFical : A proposition that uses some literary figure to express or hint at its meaning ++PhiloSURFical : ... ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : The twin earth of Putnam, or the Chinese room of Searle.. ++PhiloSURFical : Any Philosophical-idea that means something in a not-direct manner, e.g. through some analogy ++PhiloSURFical : The myth of the cave in Plato ++PhiloSURFical : ... ++PhiloSURFical : Short statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct. Examples are -amor fati- or -adequatio intellectus ad rem- or -cogito ergo sum- ++PhiloSURFical : A recognized philosophical methodology, abstract or practical. It can be mapped to Dolce's procedures ++PhiloSURFical : A practical doctrine of life, such as the non-violence doctrine of Gandhi, or the ascetism in Schopenauer ++PhiloSURFical : A rule of personal conduct, like a commandment in Christianity or the five precepts in buddism ++PhiloSURFical : A rule of personal conduct, like a commandment in Christianity or the five precepts in buddism ++PhiloSURFical : A procedure of reasoning or an abstract methodology. For example, the dialectic method in Plato, the epoche' in Husserl, Baco's scientific method or the absolute doubt of Descates ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : Class used to group all the argument-related entities ++PhiloSURFical : Statements or sets of statements having a logical value within an argument. ++PhiloSURFical : Propositions related to the conclusion of an argument. Here there is some implicit overlap with the meaning of thesis, which is a view. We have not formalized this relation yet. ++PhiloSURFical : The propositions describing the middle steps in the argumentation ++PhiloSURFical : Proposition that does not necessarily have a demonstration, but that is taken as true. E.g. the assumption of 'goodness of god' in Descartes. In such cases, it is quite close to a view, a principle. ++PhiloSURFical : Assumption that is used in an argument, specifically in a science-related one (experimental). It implicitly supposes that the hypothesis will be proven true or false by the experiment. ++PhiloSURFical : Reification of the argumentation class - it represents the famous argumentative knots in the history of philosophy ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : the start of a philosophical enquiry ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'how, in what way does X happen, or manifests itself? ++PhiloSURFical : Problem about the degree of certainty X is likely to happen, or not ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'is X impossible?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'is X contingent?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'is X possible?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'is X necessary?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'What is the relation between X and Y?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X different from Y?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X equal to Y?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X independent from Y?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Are X and Y dependent?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X the effect of Y?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X the cause of Y?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'What is the function of X?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'What is the purpose of X?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'What is X?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'what are the attributes X has?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'what are the characteristic traits X has?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'What is X composed of? ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Does X exist?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X abstract?' ++PhiloSURFical : Problem of the kind 'Is X concrete/real?' ++PhiloSURFical : A set of problems linked by different kind of relational schemas, offer organized around a central problem. ++PhiloSURFical : Field of study defined extensionally - the definition is not completed yet ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : The set of established research areas in philosophy, classic subjects of teaching and investigation.We have taken most of them are taken from Wordnet and from http://www.routledge.com/Philosophy/subjects ++PhiloSURFical : A field of study is seen as a particular kind of problem-area. The distinctive trait of a field of study, is that the area has been socially and historically recognized as separate from the others, and from being a mere agglomerate of problems. Therefore, being fundamentally social constructs, field-of-studies are born and die in history. ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : A classification that states the breakdown of a space between two opposing principles or concepts, e.g.mind/body, relations-of-ideas/matters-of-fact in Hume, a-priori/a-posteriori in Kant ++PhiloSURFical : atomic propositional content, in relation to a view defining it. It is recognizable because it composes the building material for a view, and acquires meaning from it ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : Generic class referring to propositions expressing a viewpoint, that is, descriptions defining other concepts and, in general, meanings. The property exists-in-area can have multiple values.Defines-method is excluded at this level cause a thesis is not enough to define a method. Another possible relationis defines-key-concept... ++PhiloSURFical : A generic standpoint, a belief or view about a subject area or a problem. It is not as formalized and systematic as a theory, and its contents are limited to be thesis. Examples are -pacifism-, -animism-, -expansionism-. They could be further classified depending on their area of provenience (politics, religion). This class is needed cause often a mental content refer to a belief, but without the specificity of a theory ++PhiloSURFical : Needed to separate the meaning of generic schools or conceptions, to their related but more specific meanings in specific fields of study ++PhiloSURFical : It is the Philosophical-idea comprising the set of an author's theories, within a system. A philosopher can build different ph. systems in his life, see Wittgenstein for example ++PhiloSURFical : A systemic conceptual construction, with a coherent and organic architecture. It explains a specific phenomena (or set of) and answers to an existing problem. It comprises concepts, propositions and it HAS to be related to at least one argument. This is required to guarantee a more solid architecture, compared for example to a School-of-thought. Examples are the -theory of evolution- or the -theory of possible worlds-. ++PhiloSURFical : ++PhiloSURFical : a theory exixting within some philosophical area of research ++PhiloSURFical : Philosophical-idea expressing a standpoint in need of demonstration but not necessarily having it ++PhiloSURFical : It is a thesis demonstrated or taken as fundamental in a philosophical system, e.g. the -ego- in the -idealism- ++PhiloSURFical : A principle that is self-demonstrated, so it's a valid assumption ++PhiloSURFical : A thesis with vast predictive power, especially in scientific areas ++Philosurfical: class that comprises all abstract works in philosophy A contemplative discourse, usually on a religious or philosophical subject Biography of oneself narrated by oneself e.g. Augustine's confessions A short literary comp[osition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author a written work devoted to the systematic examination of a particular subject, usually philosophical or scientific Form of literature used by the greeks and indians for purposes of rhetorical entertainment and instruction. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: taken from Mizoguchi classification- he says that 'It is essentially a specification for the production phase(mode) which theoretically follows it and used as specification' -. It refers to all proposition which are made in order to specify an activity. In other words, what we are interested in, given a design proposition, is not there yet unless we produce it with an action e.g. a piece of music, or a play ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++PhiloSURFical: in order to maintain compatibility with FRBR we created another propositional-content, which is work. This is an entity referring to any self-contained and identifiable content of an information-object, similarly to Cyc's Conceptual_work. As such, this class is the result of a conceptualization which is orthogonal to the one used in Mizoguchi's analysis. Thus, many of the other classes under design-proposition or product-proposition just mentioned can also be rightfully considered as subclasses of work. ++Philosurfical: class that comprises all abstract works in philosophy A contemplative discourse, usually on a religious or philosophical subject Biography of oneself narrated by oneself e.g. Augustine's confessions A short literary comp[osition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author a written work devoted to the systematic examination of a particular subject, usually philosophical or scientific Form of literature used by the greeks and indians for purposes of rhetorical entertainment and instruction. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical : The function or role objects can play in a context. This class was not part of CIDOC, so we added it ++Philosurfical: We need this class, cause we need to specify a medium of the manifestation. But this is different from the instance of information-carrier, which is a specific object carrying information. That is, it's one of the items produced as a manifestation, embodied in a specific medium. So the medium, intended as the class of items carrying this feature, is here represented as a type. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++PhiloSURFical : class that gathers the various structures a text can be composed of. We decided to model everything as instances, as this is the level of granularity needed here. The only exception is reference, which has been modeled as class because by doing this we could import all the AKT references. Similarly, all the other entities could be better represented as classes, and by using a model with abstracts also the chosen composition of elements into a presentational structure e.g. what paragraph/intro/summary comes first etc. - for now we just leave this aside. In the actual ontology, the parts of a text have a number and a slot indicating what text-part-role they represent in the context of a self-contained-expression. It is implicit, and left to the implementation of the system, the increasing or decreasing ordering of the components to be chosen as the presentational structure. AKT : this branch comes form there, but in ++PhiloSURFical we have decided that a publication reference is an intangible, abstract information AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : AKT : ++Philosurfical :Generic function that a resource can perform, from the pedagogical perspective ++Philosurfical: Class that subsumes any kind of degrees - phd or cooking degree. We were undecided whether a subclass of type or role, and decided for the last option on the basis it is not used to classify things, but it is more an attribute of a degree, the role it plays within the educational curriculum - conclusion reached thanks to a discussion with Riichiro Mizoguchi ++Philosurfical: Degrees conferred by universities or academic institutions ++Philosurfical :Role played by humans within a community ++Philosurfical : E55-CIDOC - This class comprises arbitrary concepts (universals) and provides a mechanism for organising them into a hierarchy. This hierarchy is intended to duplicate the names of all the classes present in the model. This allows additional refinement, through subtyping, of those classes which do not require further analysis of their formal properties, but which nonetheless represent typological distinctions important to a given user group. ++Philosurfical: basically type is used to provide classifications which don't find a better place in the ontology ++Philosurfical: Characterizations of problems, depending on their solutions' number ++Philosurfical: Literary form used to represent a linguistic expression. Here we do not refer to the material features of it, but to the abtract structure a text or any other work can implement. E.g. a sonnet, a stanza, an aphorism. We also include the pedagogical discourse types, even if they have a much less structured form compared to the literary ones. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: Basically the styles a literary text can have, otherwise called genres E58-CIDOC - No local slots. ++Philosurfical: Not sure why it is a subclass of type E57-CIDOC - This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete ++Philosurfical: Added by philosurfical E30-CIDOC - This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives. These include reproduction and property rights. E24-CIDOC - This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. ++Philosurfical: we do not see the need of all these classes... maybe to remove!! E25-CIDOC - This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. E22-CIDOC - This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity. The difference with physical-man-made-thing is that the latter can also include man-made-features, which do not have a distinct existence as objects E84-CIDOC - This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object. This allows a relationship to be asserted between an E19 Physical Object and its immaterial information contents. An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. ***However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general. ++Philosurfical: so the relation carries is inherited from Physical-thing - we might want to add a specific relation for man-made objects... e.g. manifestations. This class was left out in cipher-crm... why? As a manifestation embodiement, it exemplifies it: a single exemplar of a manifestation. FRBR : the information carrier that exemplifies a manifestation, i.e. indirectly a production plan E78 -CIDOC - This class comprises aggregations of physical items that are assembled and maintained ("curated" and "preserved," in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. ++Philosurfical: we might be interested in collection of conceptual objects, so to create a narrative as a sequence of paragraphs/ideas! This class was not included in cipher E72-CIDOC - This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. ++Philosurfical: in cypher crm this was put as a subclass of persistent-item - we went back to the original crm spec ++Philosurfical: it is analogous to the class information-object in CIDOC and DOLCE. The abstraction of objects carrying information, sepatated from theit physical embodiment. Every IO must have a form and a content. We added the slot has-original-date to refer to the date when we suppose the IO was 'originally' created; actually, since an IO is abstract, it would make much more sense to specify the date of the correspondent instance of manifestation, instead. FRBR : The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms. ++Philosurfical: We mantained the name 'expression' for this class, even if it doesnt carry more meaning than its superclass information-object. Essentially, this class exists just for facilitating the mappings to FRBR. FRBR-CIDOC : an expression that conveys only partially the content of the proposition it represents ++Philosurfical: the has-string-content property is not ontologically sound... but quite a useful shortcut when instantiating hundreds of sentences of a text! ++Philosurfical: atomic linguistic element ++Philosurfical: an obvious expression fragment we decided to make explicit.. FRBR-CIDOC : an expression that conveys the whole idea of the proposition it represents ++Philosurfical: A syntactically well-formed formula, e.g. in any knowledge representation language. ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: ++Philosurfical: E18 -CIDOC - This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. ++Philosurfical: has-dimension slot was originally of thing, but it makes more sense here. We also have omitted the properties: P49 has former or current keeper, P51 has former or current owner, P58 has section definition, P59 has section. P53 has former or current location has been renamed to has-location. Has-current-keeper and owner moved down to man-made-object E26 -CIDOC- This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. E27-CIDOC - This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor. In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings and maps. E25-CIDOC - This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. E24-CIDOC - This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. ++Philosurfical: we do not see the need of all these classes... maybe to remove!! E25-CIDOC - This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. E22-CIDOC - This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity. The difference with physical-man-made-thing is that the latter can also include man-made-features, which do not have a distinct existence as objects E84-CIDOC - This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object. This allows a relationship to be asserted between an E19 Physical Object and its immaterial information contents. An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. ***However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general. ++Philosurfical: so the relation carries is inherited from Physical-thing - we might want to add a specific relation for man-made objects... e.g. manifestations. This class was left out in cipher-crm... why? As a manifestation embodiement, it exemplifies it: a single exemplar of a manifestation. FRBR : the information carrier that exemplifies a manifestation, i.e. indirectly a production plan E78 -CIDOC - This class comprises aggregations of physical items that are assembled and maintained ("curated" and "preserved," in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. ++Philosurfical: we might be interested in collection of conceptual objects, so to create a narrative as a sequence of paragraphs/ideas! This class was not included in cipher E19 - CIDOC - This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called 'bona fide objects' (Smith-Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects. ++Philosurfical: two locations slots have been omitted - the inherited has-location seems to be enough. Is-identified-by and has-preferred-identifier have been moved down to man-made-object E22-CIDOC - This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity. The difference with physical-man-made-thing is that the latter can also include man-made-features, which do not have a distinct existence as objects E84-CIDOC - This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object. This allows a relationship to be asserted between an E19 Physical Object and its immaterial information contents. An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. ***However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general. ++Philosurfical: so the relation carries is inherited from Physical-thing - we might want to add a specific relation for man-made objects... e.g. manifestations. This class was left out in cipher-crm... why? As a manifestation embodiement, it exemplifies it: a single exemplar of a manifestation. FRBR : the information carrier that exemplifies a manifestation, i.e. indirectly a production plan E20 - CIDOC - This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms. E21-CIDOC - This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. ++Philosurfical : The class has no slots in CIDOC. We added the gender slot, which has no associated event; the has-social-role slot, cause it's not something we want to record as an event (even if it would be possible), but just a property useful for classifying thinkers; the dates/places of birth/death are shortcuts, cause often we do not want to model the birth/death events for everybody, but still want some basic info about it. In the case of philosophers, in fact, this is not needed cause people do not usually dispute these information, but more their intellectual subscriptions. ****TO DO ****However, sometimes we are interested in modeling such events, so we need to construct an axiom which establishes the priority of one or the other information, or the inference of the existence of an event, from the value of the person slots. E53 - CIDOC - This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of 'immobile' objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It may be identified by one or more instances of E44 Place Appellation.++Philosurfical: ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - ++PhiloSURFical - E54 - CIDOC ++Philosurfical: This class comes from AKT support ontology. It has the same slot specs as dimension, however we left it here cause many (akt) time-related entities depend on it! Hopefully the slot-renaming syntax is correct and will solve all the name related issues A measure of time, e.g., 5 hours